Pengenalan Jom Belajar Inggeris
1. Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam buku ini dinamakan BBIMBM (Belajar Bahasa Inggeris Menggunakan Bahasa Melayu).
2. Pendekatan ini berbeza dengan pendekatan yang biasa digunakan dan popular iaitu BBIMBI (Belajar Bahasa Inggeris Menggunakan Bahasa Inggeris). (Harap maklum istilah BBIMBM bukan rasmi).
3. Pendekatan BBIMBI menjadi kebiasaan dan popular kerana berdasarkan sejarah pengajaran bahasa Inggeris mulanya dibuat oleh kebanyakannya guru-guru bukan Melayu yang tidak mahir berbahasa Melayu, oleh itu mereka tidak cuba menyelaraskan ('reconcile') antara bahasa Melayu dengan bahasa Inggeris, lalu mereka memilih pendekatan BBIMBI. Pendekatan ini kemudiannya turut diterima oleh guru-guru Melayu yang mengajar bahasa Inggeris, dan turut diperakui oleh ibubapa Melayu.
4. Bagaimanapun, kemudiannya ramai orang Melayu yang menjadi mahir berbahasa Inggeris dengan belajar secara sendiri-sendiri tanpa menggunakan pendekatan BBIMBI tapi menggunakan pendekatan BBIMBM. Mereka belajar sendiri-sendiri kerana tiada buku belajar bahasa inggeris menggunakan pendekatan BBIMBM.
5. Tidak ramai guru atau penulis buku yang berterus terang mahu menggunakan pendekatan BBIMBM kerana kurang keyakinan atau takut dikutuk atau diperkecilkan oleh pendokong-pendokong pendekatan BBIMBI yang dominan dan egoistik dengan pendekatan mereka.
6. Pendokong BBIMBI mengatakan kalau nak pandai bahasa inggeris kena cakap inggeris, baca buku Inggeris selalu. Mereka kata jangan terjemah bahasa Inggeris dalam kepala.
7. Pendekatan BBIMBI sesuai bagi mereka yang belajar dan bercakap Inggeris sejak dari kecil disebabkan latarbelakang persekolahan dan pergaulan mereka.
8. Bagi mereka yang mahu belajar bahasa Inggeris sesudah mereka besar panjang, atau sukar menggunakan pendekatan BBIMBI, mereka perlu pendekatan berbeza kerana mereka tak faham lagi makna perkataan-perkataan yang mereka sebut. Caranya ialah dengan menterjemah setiap perkataan yang mereka jumpa, dari situ mereka tahu perbezaan struktur antara bahasa Inggeris dengan bahasa Melayu. Mula-mula memang kena terjemah dan bina struktur dalam kepala (ingatan), tapi selepas kita rajin baca dan bercakap bila ada kesempatan, kita boleh lancar membaca dan memahami apa yang orang cakapkan dalam bahasa Inggeris.
9. Memang pendekatan BBIMBM ini menjadikan anda hanya boleh cakap Inggeris seperti orang Melayu cakap Inggeris, bukan seperti orang Inggeris cakap Inggeris. Pendekatan ini tidak menjadikan anda lupa struktur bahasa Melayu apabila anda sudah mahir Inggeris. Seperti yang anda perasankan, ada orang Melayu yang tergigil-gigil nak bercakap dalam Bahasa Melayu semula selepas biasa cakap bahasa Inggeris, ini kerana mereka ini mungkin menyerap terus struktur Inggeris dan belum menyerap perbezaan dalam bahasa Melayu.
10. Yang penting ialah, selepas tahu struktur dan sedikit sebanyak perkataan Inggeris, rajin-rajinkanlah lagi membaca makalah-makalah Inggeris dan jangan takut bercakap bahasa Inggeris.
11. Harus diingat bahawa Bahasa Inggeris bukan bahasa ibunda oleh itu jangan terlalu berharap atau merasa bersalah bahawa kita menyebut dan mengeja Bahasa Inggeris dengan sempurna. Cuba perhatikan bagaimana Bahasa Inggeris digunakan oleh pemimpin-pemimpin dunia dari Indonesia, Afrika, Cina, Amerika Selatan, Russia, Eropah dan sebagainya. Mereka menyebut perkataan Inggeris mengikut dialek mereka.
12. Memang ada segelintir orang yang mahu menjadikan Bahasa Inggeris sebagai bahasa bahasa ibunda. Mereka bercakap Inggeris dimana-mana. Jangan tiru mereka. Segelintir lagi menghina mereka yang tidak mahir berbahasa Inggeris.
13. Apa yang penting ialah kita memahami apa yang disebut, dibaca dan ditulis dalam bahasa Inggeris. Tapi kita tidak boleh menjadi orang Inggeris.
14. Pendekatan BBIMBI adalah pendekatan 'yang mudah disusahkan'.
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Monday, August 1, 2016
Sunday, January 31, 2016
2. Mengenali 'Infinitive' (perkataan dasar)
Dalam bahasa Inggeris, seperti juga dalam bahasa Melayu, terdapat perkataan-perkataan asas (dasar) bagi perbuatan ('verb' - samada 'action verb', 'non-action verb', 'linking verb') dan status/kejadian/peristiwa ('non-verb'). Dalam bahasa Inggeris, ia dipanggil 'infinitive'. Jadi, 'infinitive' adalah 'perkataan dasar' atau 'perkataan asas' bagi 'verb' (perbuatan) (samada 'action verb', 'non-action verb', 'linking verb') dan 'non-verb' (bukan perbuatan).
Contoh :
Mengapa perkataan-perkataan itu dikenali sebagai perkataan asas (dasar) (bagi perbuatan dan status/kejadian/peristiwa) ?
Ini adalah kerana, dari perkataan asas itu boleh terbentuk perkataan-perkataan lain yang berkaitan langsung dengan perkataan dasar itu. Maksudnya perkataan dasar itu menjadi asas kepada ujudnya perkataan-perkataan lain. Ataupun kita katakan, ada perkataan-perkataan (lain) yang ujudnya berasaskan kepada perkataan dasar itu.
Contohnya, dari perkataan dasar 'eat', boleh terbit perkataan-perkataan lain yang berkaitan seperti 'eats', 'eating', 'ate', 'eaten'.
Dalam bahasa Inggeris, 'infinitive' (perkataan dasar) boleh berubah menjadi 'verb' disebabkan perkara berikut : Kombinasi 'bentuk' dan masa ('tense') bagi perkataan dasar tersebut.
Tidak ada peraturan khusus bagaimana untuk mengubah bentuk perkataan dasar ('infinitive') kepada bentuk-bentuk lain walaupun kebanyakan pertukaran bentuk dilakukan dengan menambah huruf/huruf-huruf 's, ed, ing' dsb kepada perkataan asas. Oleh itu cara terbaik ialah dengan banyakkan membaca bahan bacaan dalam bahasa Inggeris atau mencari senarai-senarai yang dibuat oleh mana-mana orang di buku atau di internet.
Contoh :
| Melayu (Perkataan dasar) | English (Infinitive) |
| Ambil | Take |
| Cakap | Talk |
| Jalan | Walk |
| Dengar | Listen |
| Tulis | Write |
| Tendang | Kick |
| Lihat | See |
| Ajar | Teach |
| Simbah | Pour |
| Fikir | Think |
| Jatuh | Fall |
| Mula | Begin |
| Akhir | End |
Mengapa perkataan-perkataan itu dikenali sebagai perkataan asas (dasar) (bagi perbuatan dan status/kejadian/peristiwa) ?
Ini adalah kerana, dari perkataan asas itu boleh terbentuk perkataan-perkataan lain yang berkaitan langsung dengan perkataan dasar itu. Maksudnya perkataan dasar itu menjadi asas kepada ujudnya perkataan-perkataan lain. Ataupun kita katakan, ada perkataan-perkataan (lain) yang ujudnya berasaskan kepada perkataan dasar itu.
Contohnya, dari perkataan dasar 'eat', boleh terbit perkataan-perkataan lain yang berkaitan seperti 'eats', 'eating', 'ate', 'eaten'.
Dalam bahasa Inggeris, 'infinitive' (perkataan dasar) boleh berubah menjadi 'verb' disebabkan perkara berikut : Kombinasi 'bentuk' dan masa ('tense') bagi perkataan dasar tersebut.
Tidak ada peraturan khusus bagaimana untuk mengubah bentuk perkataan dasar ('infinitive') kepada bentuk-bentuk lain walaupun kebanyakan pertukaran bentuk dilakukan dengan menambah huruf/huruf-huruf 's, ed, ing' dsb kepada perkataan asas. Oleh itu cara terbaik ialah dengan banyakkan membaca bahan bacaan dalam bahasa Inggeris atau mencari senarai-senarai yang dibuat oleh mana-mana orang di buku atau di internet.
4. Mengenali 'Singular' dan 'Plural'
Mengenali 'singular' dan 'plural'
Dalam bahasa Inggeris, adalah penting menentukan bilangan sesuatu objek samada 'satu dan kurang' ('Singular') atau 'lebih dari satu' ('Plural').
Jadi, 'Singular' adalah perkataan Inggeris yang bererti 'satu dan kurang dalam bilangan', dan 'Plural' adalah perkataan Inggeris yang bererti 'lebih dari satu dalam bilangan' (termasuk 1.05 dsbnya).
Dalam bahasa Inggeris, bilangan objek menentukan ejaan yang akan digunakan bagi objek itu dalam 4 situasi :
1. Ejaan perbuatan lazim sekarang ('Present tense')
Contohnya :
Dalam contoh diatas, 'walk' dan 'walks' mempunyai makna yang sama iaitu perbuatan berjalan, tapi ejaannya berbeza kerana he (dia) itu 'singular' tapi they (mereka) itu 'plural'. Bagi objek 'Singular', ejaan bagi perbuatan lazim sekarang bagi objek itu ditambah dengan huruf s tetapi ejaan bagi perbuatan lazim bagi objek 'Plural' tidak ditambah dengan huruf s.
2. Ejaan bagi objek berkenaan
Dalam contoh diatas, ejaan objek yang bilangannya lebih dari satu ('Plural') ditambah dengan huruf s tetapi ejaan objek yang bilangannya satu atau kurang ('Singular') tidak ditambah dengan huruf s .
3. Kesan kepada penggunaan perkataan 'has', 'have', 'had'.
Ketiga-tiga perkataan Inggeris 'has, have, had' boleh bermakna yang sama iaitu ada, mempunyai bergantung kepada jenis (samada 'singular' atau 'plural') dan 'masa' ('tense').
Perkataan 'has' digunakan bagi objek 'he, she, it, this, that' dan lain-lain 'singular' (jika hal 'ada/mempunyai' itu ujud pada masa sekarang)('Present tense').
Perkataan 'have' digunakan bagi objek 'I, you, we, they, these, those' dan lain-lain 'plural' (jika hal 'ada/mempunyai' itu ujud pada masa sekarang)('Present tense').
Perkataan 'had' digunakan bagi semua objek samada 'singular' atau 'plural' (jika hal 'ada/mempunyai' itu ujud pada masa yang lepas)('Past tense').
4. Kesan kepada penggunaan perkataan 'am, is, are, was, were'.
'Am, is, are, was, were' boleh bermakna ialah, adalah, merupakan, iaitu perkataan yang digunakan untuk menyatakan sesuatu fakta statik bagi sesuatu objek.
Perkataan 'am' digunakan bagi objek 'I' sahaja dan jika fakta tentang objek itu ujud pada masa sekarang ('Present tense').
Perkataan 'is' digunakan bagi objek 'he, she, it, this, that' dan lain-lain 'singular' dan jika fakta tentang objek itu ujud pada masa sekarang ('Present tense').
Perkataan 'was' digunakan bagi objek 'I, he, she, it, this, that' dan lain-lain 'singular' dan jika fakta tentang objek itu ujud pada masa yang telah lepas ('Past tense').
Perkataan 'were' digunakan bagi objek 'you, we, they, these, those' dan lain-lain 'plural' dan jika fakta tentang objek itu ujud pada masa yang telah lepas ('Past tense').
Berikut ialah contoh biasa bagi 'singular' :
Contoh objek biasa bagi 'plural' antaranya ialah :
Kekecualian bagi objek 'I', 'you'
'I' (saya) dan 'you' (awak) walaupun bilangannya ialah satu ('singular') tapi ia dianggap 'plural'. Ini satu kekecualian. Ini dapat diketahui dengan lebih jelas bila kita belajar tentang 'tense'.
Senarai tambahan - ejaan bagi benda 'singular' dan 'plural'
Dalam bahasa Inggeris, adalah penting menentukan bilangan sesuatu objek samada 'satu dan kurang' ('Singular') atau 'lebih dari satu' ('Plural').
Jadi, 'Singular' adalah perkataan Inggeris yang bererti 'satu dan kurang dalam bilangan', dan 'Plural' adalah perkataan Inggeris yang bererti 'lebih dari satu dalam bilangan' (termasuk 1.05 dsbnya).
Dalam bahasa Inggeris, bilangan objek menentukan ejaan yang akan digunakan bagi objek itu dalam 4 situasi :
1. Ejaan perbuatan lazim sekarang ('Present tense')
Contohnya :
| English | Melayu |
| He walks to school every day | Dia berjalan kaki ke sekolah setiap hari |
| They walk to school every day | Mereka berjalan kaki ke sekolah setiap hari |
| He eats rice every day | Dia makan nasi setiap hari |
| We eat rice every day | Kami makan nasi setiap hari |
| He greets teacher every morning | Dia memberi hormat pada guru setiap pagi |
| We greet teacher every morning | Kami memberi hormat pada guru setiap pagi |
Dalam contoh diatas, 'walk' dan 'walks' mempunyai makna yang sama iaitu perbuatan berjalan, tapi ejaannya berbeza kerana he (dia) itu 'singular' tapi they (mereka) itu 'plural'. Bagi objek 'Singular', ejaan bagi perbuatan lazim sekarang bagi objek itu ditambah dengan huruf s tetapi ejaan bagi perbuatan lazim bagi objek 'Plural' tidak ditambah dengan huruf s.
2. Ejaan bagi objek berkenaan
| English | Melayu |
| One car | Sebuah kereta |
| Two cars | Dua buah kereta |
| One student | Seorang pelajar |
| Three students | Tiga pelajar |
| A cat | Seekor kucing |
| Two cats | Dua ekor kucing |
| One tree | Sebatang pokok |
| Many trees | Banyak pokok |
| One student | Seorang pelajar |
| Ten students | Sepuluh pelajar |
Dalam contoh diatas, ejaan objek yang bilangannya lebih dari satu ('Plural') ditambah dengan huruf s tetapi ejaan objek yang bilangannya satu atau kurang ('Singular') tidak ditambah dengan huruf s .
3. Kesan kepada penggunaan perkataan 'has', 'have', 'had'.
Ketiga-tiga perkataan Inggeris 'has, have, had' boleh bermakna yang sama iaitu ada, mempunyai bergantung kepada jenis (samada 'singular' atau 'plural') dan 'masa' ('tense').
Perkataan 'has' digunakan bagi objek 'he, she, it, this, that' dan lain-lain 'singular' (jika hal 'ada/mempunyai' itu ujud pada masa sekarang)('Present tense').
Perkataan 'have' digunakan bagi objek 'I, you, we, they, these, those' dan lain-lain 'plural' (jika hal 'ada/mempunyai' itu ujud pada masa sekarang)('Present tense').
Perkataan 'had' digunakan bagi semua objek samada 'singular' atau 'plural' (jika hal 'ada/mempunyai' itu ujud pada masa yang lepas)('Past tense').
| English | Melayu | Masa ('tense') |
| He has a cat | Dia ada seekor kucing | Present tense |
| I have a cat | Saya ada seekor kucing | Present tense |
| He had a cat | Dia ada seekor kucing | Past tense |
| I had a cat | Saya ada seekor kucing | Past tense |
| They have cats | Mereka mempunyai kucing-kucing | Present tense |
| They had cats | Mereka mempunyai kucing-kucing | Past tense |
4. Kesan kepada penggunaan perkataan 'am, is, are, was, were'.
'Am, is, are, was, were' boleh bermakna ialah, adalah, merupakan, iaitu perkataan yang digunakan untuk menyatakan sesuatu fakta statik bagi sesuatu objek.
Perkataan 'am' digunakan bagi objek 'I' sahaja dan jika fakta tentang objek itu ujud pada masa sekarang ('Present tense').
Perkataan 'is' digunakan bagi objek 'he, she, it, this, that' dan lain-lain 'singular' dan jika fakta tentang objek itu ujud pada masa sekarang ('Present tense').
Perkataan 'was' digunakan bagi objek 'I, he, she, it, this, that' dan lain-lain 'singular' dan jika fakta tentang objek itu ujud pada masa yang telah lepas ('Past tense').
Perkataan 'were' digunakan bagi objek 'you, we, they, these, those' dan lain-lain 'plural' dan jika fakta tentang objek itu ujud pada masa yang telah lepas ('Past tense').
| English | Melayu | Objek | Masa ('tense') |
| I am happy now | Saya gembira sekarang | I | Present tense |
| He is happy now | Dia gembira sekarang | He | Present tense |
| She is happy now | Dia gembira sekarang | She | Present tense |
| They are happy now | Mereka gembira sekarang | They | Present tense |
| We are happy now | Kami gembira sekarang | We | Present tense |
| Ali was happy yesterday | Ali gembira semalam | Ali | Past tense |
| He was happy yesterday | Dia gembira semalam | He | Past tense |
| We were happy yesterday | Kami gembira semalam | We | Past tense |
| They were happy yesterday | Mereka gembira semalam | They | Past tense |
Berikut ialah contoh biasa bagi 'singular' :
| English | Melayu |
| He | Dia (lelaki) |
| She | Dia (perempuan) |
| It | Ia |
| This | Ini |
| This cat | Kucing ini |
| That | Itu |
| That cat | Kucing itu |
| One | Satu |
| One example | Satu contoh |
| A | Sebuah. Sebiji. Sebatang. dsb |
| A car | Sebuah kereta |
| An | Sebuah. Sebiji. Sebatang. dsb |
| An owl | Seekor burung hantu |
| The | Itu |
| The car | Kereta itu |
Contoh objek biasa bagi 'plural' antaranya ialah :
| English | Melayu |
| We | Kami. Kita |
| They | Mereka |
| These | Ini |
| Those | Itu |
| Two cars | Dua buah kereta |
| Many ants | Banyak semut |
Kekecualian bagi objek 'I', 'you'
'I' (saya) dan 'you' (awak) walaupun bilangannya ialah satu ('singular') tapi ia dianggap 'plural'. Ini satu kekecualian. Ini dapat diketahui dengan lebih jelas bila kita belajar tentang 'tense'.
| English | Melayu | Catitan |
| I am a student | Saya ialah seorang pelajar | Betul, penggunaan 'am' adalah bagi 'I' sahaja |
| I is a student | (Salah) | Salah 'am' tidak digunakan sebaliknya 'is' digunakan |
| You are a student | Awak ialah seorang pelajar | Penggunaan 'are' adalah bagi 'Plural'. 'You' dianggap 'plural' |
| You is a student | (Salah) | Salah kerana 'you' dianggap 'plural' |
| I have a cat | Saya mempunyai seekor kucing | Betul, penggunaan 'have' adalah bagi 'Plural'. 'I' dianggap 'plural' |
| I has a cat | (Salah) | Salah, sebab I' dianggap 'plural', jadi sepatutnya gunakan 'have' |
| You have a cat | Awak mempunyai seekor kucing | Betul, sebab 'you' dianggap 'plural', jadi betul bila gunakan 'have' |
| You has a cat | (Salah) | Salah, sebab 'you' dianggap 'plural', jadi sepatutnya gunakan 'have' |
Senarai tambahan - ejaan bagi benda 'singular' dan 'plural'
| Singular | Melayu | Plural |
| Dress | Baju | Dresses |
| Teacher | Guru | Teachers |
| Dish | Pinggan | Dishes |
| Monkey | Monyet | Monkeys |
| Shirt | Baju | Shirts |
| Story | Cerita | Stories |
| Watch | Jam | Watches |
| Lady | Wanita | Ladies |
| Uncle | Pak cik | Uncles |
| Table | Meja | Tables |
| This | Ini | These |
| That | Itu | Those |
| Fly | Serangga | Flies |
| Insect | Serangga | Insects |
| Dog | Aanjing | Dogs |
| Bird | Burung | Birds |
| Tree | Pokok | Trees |
| Glass | Gelas | Glasses |
| Piano | Piano | Pianos |
| Bicycle | Basikal | Bicycles |
| Wife | Isteri | Wives |
| Class | Kelas | Classes |
| Match | Mancis | Matches |
| Bush | Semak samun | Bushes |
| Tomato | Tomato | Tomatoes |
| Hero | Hero | Heroes |
| Mango | Mangga | Mangoes |
| Bamboo | Buluh | Bamboos |
| Army | Tentera | Armies |
| Way | Cara | Ways |
| Key | Kunci | Keys |
| Valley | Lembah | Valleys |
| Loaf | Batang | Loaves |
| Thief | Pencuri | Thieves |
| Roof | Bumbung | Roofs |
| Ox | Burung hantu | Oxen |
*6. Mengenali 'Common Noun' (Nama Am)
Mengenali 'common noun' (nama am)
Nama Am ialah nama yang diberi kepada sekumpulan objek yang mempunyai ciri-ciri yang sama. Contohnya sekumpulan manusia, sekumpulan binatang, sekumpulan bangunan, sekumpulan negara dsb. Ia tidak merujuk kepada satu unit/objek tertentu tetapi kepada sekumpulan unit/objek tertentu.
Kadang-kadang kita menggunakan Nama Am dalam ayat.
Dalam bahasa Inggeris, nama am dipanggil 'common noun'.
Satu kumpulan objek (Bahasa Inggeris : 'Group') mungkin mengandungi kumpulan-kumpulan kecil didalamnya (Bahasa Inggeris : 'Sub-group'), contohnya kumpulan manusia ada kumpulan kecil lelaki dan perempuan. Dalam kumpulan kecil lelaki ada pula kumpulan lebih kecil ayah, abang dsb.
Contoh Nama Am :
Nama am manusia
Perkataan manusia itu sendiri adalah nama am.
Catitan :
- Beza antara 'man' dan 'men' : 'Man' merujuk kepada seorang 'manusia' dan 'lelaki' ('singular'). 'Men' merujuk kepada semua manusia ('lelaki' dan 'perempuan') ('plural').
Nama am binatang
Perkataan binatang itu sendiri adalah nama am.
Nama am benda
Perkataan benda itu sendiri adalah nama am.
Nama am tempat
Perkataan tempat itu sendiri adalah nama am.
Nama am peristiwa, kejadian
Perkataan peristiwa, kejadian itu sendiri adalah nama am.
'Common noun' (Nama am) boleh jadi 'singular' atau 'plural'
(Ingat kembali : 'Singular' (0 dan 1). 'Plural' (satu atau lebih).
(Dalam bahasa Inggeris, bilangan sesuatu 'common noun' mempengaruhi ejaannya).
Bilangan 'common noun' samada 'singular' atau 'plural' mempengaruhi penggunaan perkataan Inggeris 'is, are, was, were, has, have'.
Nama Am ialah nama yang diberi kepada sekumpulan objek yang mempunyai ciri-ciri yang sama. Contohnya sekumpulan manusia, sekumpulan binatang, sekumpulan bangunan, sekumpulan negara dsb. Ia tidak merujuk kepada satu unit/objek tertentu tetapi kepada sekumpulan unit/objek tertentu.
Kadang-kadang kita menggunakan Nama Am dalam ayat.
Dalam bahasa Inggeris, nama am dipanggil 'common noun'.
Satu kumpulan objek (Bahasa Inggeris : 'Group') mungkin mengandungi kumpulan-kumpulan kecil didalamnya (Bahasa Inggeris : 'Sub-group'), contohnya kumpulan manusia ada kumpulan kecil lelaki dan perempuan. Dalam kumpulan kecil lelaki ada pula kumpulan lebih kecil ayah, abang dsb.
Contoh Nama Am :
Nama am manusia
Perkataan manusia itu sendiri adalah nama am.
| Melayu | English |
| Manusia | Man |
| Jiran | Neighbour |
| Anak | Child |
| Emak | Mother |
| Ayah | Father |
| Adik | Younger brother |
| Kakak | Sister |
Catitan :
- Beza antara 'man' dan 'men' : 'Man' merujuk kepada seorang 'manusia' dan 'lelaki' ('singular'). 'Men' merujuk kepada semua manusia ('lelaki' dan 'perempuan') ('plural').
Nama am binatang
Perkataan binatang itu sendiri adalah nama am.
| Melayu | English |
| Binatang | Animal |
| Ayam | Chicken |
| Kucing | Cat |
| Singa | Lion |
| Harimau | Tiger |
| Lembu | Cow |
| Katak | Frog |
Nama am benda
Perkataan benda itu sendiri adalah nama am.
| Melayu | English |
| Benda | Thing |
| Meja | Desk |
| Kerusi | Chair |
| Buku | Book |
| Pensil | Pencil |
Nama am tempat
Perkataan tempat itu sendiri adalah nama am.
| Melayu | English |
| Tempat | Place |
| Kampung | Village |
| Bandar | Town |
| Negeri | State |
| Negara | Country |
| Benua | Continent |
| Kedai | Shop |
| Taman | Garden |
| Zoo | Zoo |
| Restoran | Restaurant |
| Perkuburan | Cemetary |
Nama am peristiwa, kejadian
Perkataan peristiwa, kejadian itu sendiri adalah nama am.
| Melayu | English |
| Kejadian Peristiwa | Event |
| Perlawanan | Game Match |
| Kemalangan | Accident |
| Perhimpunan | Assembly |
| Peperangan | War |
| Persidangan | Conference |
| Pertengkaran | Argument |
| Perbualan | Talk |
| Kecurian | Theft |
| Rompakan | Robbery |
| Pembunuhan | Murder Killing |
| Pembinaan | Construction |
| Penanaman | Plantation |
| Percaturan | Effort |
| Peraduan | Contest |
| Banjir | Flood |
| Ribut taufan | Typhoon |
| Pertandingan | Game |
| Mesyuarat | Meeting |
| Perjalanan | Journey |
| Pertemuan | Encounter |
| Kebakaran | Fire |
| Penguburan | Burial. Funeral |
'Common noun' (Nama am) boleh jadi 'singular' atau 'plural'
(Ingat kembali : 'Singular' (0 dan 1). 'Plural' (satu atau lebih).
(Dalam bahasa Inggeris, bilangan sesuatu 'common noun' mempengaruhi ejaannya).
| English Common noun (Singular) | Melayu | English Common noun (Plural) | Melayu | |
| A war | Satu peperangan | Wars | Peperangan-peperangan | |
| One tree | Sebuah pokok | Trees | Pokok-pokok | |
| A car | Sebuah kereta | Three cars | Tiga buah kereta | |
| A lorry | Sebuah lori | Ten lorries | Sepuluh buah lori | |
| A match | Satu perlawanan | Matches | Perlawanan-perlawanan | |
| A game | Satu pertandingan | Some games | Beberapa pertandingan | |
| One accident | Satu kemalangan | Three accidents | Tiga kemalangan | |
| A meeting | Satu mesyuarat | Some meetings | Beberapa mesyuarat | |
| A conference | Satu persidangan | Some conference | Beberapa persidangan | |
| A murder | Satu pembunuhan | Pembunuhan-pembunuhan | Murders. Killings | |
| One journey | Satu perjalanan | Two journeys | Dua perjalanan | |
| One encounter | Satu pertemuan | Two encounters | Dua pertemuan | |
| One fire | Satu kebakaran | Many fires | Banyak kebakaran |
Bilangan 'common noun' samada 'singular' atau 'plural' mempengaruhi penggunaan perkataan Inggeris 'is, are, was, were, has, have'.
| English Common noun | Melayu | English | Melayu | Catitan |
| War | Perang | There is a war in Africa | Ada satu peperangan di Africa | 'Is' digunakan sebab bilangan peperangan adalah satu ('singular') |
| Wars | Peperangan-peperangan | There are many wars all over the world | Terdapat banyak peperangan di dunia ini | 'Are' digunakan sebab bilangan peperangan lebih dari satu ('plural') |
| Car | Kereta | Three cars | Tiga buah kereta | Huruf s ditambah kepada 'car' kerana bilangan kereta lebih dari satu ('plural') |
| Car | Kereta | A car | Sebuah kereta | Huruf s tidak ditambah kepada 'car' kerana bilangan kereta hanya satu ('singular') |
| Murder | Pembunuhan | There have been 3 murders since last week | Sudah terdapat 3 pembunuhan sejak minggu lepas | 'Have' digunakan apabila bilangan 'common noun' ('murders' = pembunuhan-pembunuhan) adalah 'plural' (lebih dari satu) |
7. Mengenali 'Proper Noun' (Nama Khas)
Mengenali 'proper noun' (nama khas)
Nama khas ialah nama yang diberi kepada satu unit objek terkecil yang tertentu dalam satu 'nama am' (Common Noun) tertentu. Contoh nama khas ialah 'Ali' (nama amnya 'manusia').
Dalam bahasa Inggeris, nama khas disebut 'Proper Noun'.
Contoh 'proper noun' dalam nama am 'manusia' :
Contoh 'proper noun' dalam nama am 'negara' :
Ada kalanya, ejaan 'proper noun' dalam bahasa Melayu tidak berubah bila dinyatakan dalam bahasa Inggeris.
Contoh 'proper noun' yang sama ejaannya dalam kedua-dua bahasa :
Tetapi seringkali juga 'proper noun' bagi objek yang sama dieja berlainan dalam bahasa Inggeris.
Contoh 'proper noun' yang berbeza ejaannya :
Contoh ayat yang menggunakan 'Proper Noun' :
Catitan :
Semua 'proper noun' adalah 'singular' (Bilangan : 0 atau 1).
Untuk mengetahui kepentingan 'singular', sila rujuk bab berkaitan 'singular'.
Nama khas ialah nama yang diberi kepada satu unit objek terkecil yang tertentu dalam satu 'nama am' (Common Noun) tertentu. Contoh nama khas ialah 'Ali' (nama amnya 'manusia').
Dalam bahasa Inggeris, nama khas disebut 'Proper Noun'.
Contoh 'proper noun' dalam nama am 'manusia' :
| Melayu - Nama khas | English - Proper noun |
| Ali | Ali |
| John | John |
| Kumar | Kumar |
| Razak | Razak |
| Lee Kim Choon | Lee Kim Choon |
Contoh 'proper noun' dalam nama am 'negara' :
| Melayu - Nama khas | English - Proper noun |
| Malaysia | Malaysia |
| Indonesia | Indonesia |
| Brunei | Brunei |
| Jepun | Japan |
| Korea | Korea |
Ada kalanya, ejaan 'proper noun' dalam bahasa Melayu tidak berubah bila dinyatakan dalam bahasa Inggeris.
Contoh 'proper noun' yang sama ejaannya dalam kedua-dua bahasa :
| Melayu | English |
| Ali | Ali |
| Proton Saga | Proton Saga |
| Malaysia | Malaysia |
| Galaxy Note | Galaxy Note |
| Oppo 7 | Oppo 7 |
Tetapi seringkali juga 'proper noun' bagi objek yang sama dieja berlainan dalam bahasa Inggeris.
Contoh 'proper noun' yang berbeza ejaannya :
| Melayu | English |
| Amerika Syarikat | United States of America |
| Singapura | Singapore |
| Gunung Kinabalu | Mountain of Kinabalu Kinabalu mountain |
| Selat Melaka | Straits of Malacca Malacca Straits |
| Jepun | Japan |
Contoh ayat yang menggunakan 'Proper Noun' :
| English (Proper Noun) | Melayu (Nama Khas) | English | Melayu |
| Asia | Asia | Asia is a big continent | Asia adalah satu benua yang besar |
| Ali | Ali | Ali is my brother | Ali adalah abang saya |
| England | England | England is very far from Malaysia | England sangat jauh dari Malaysia |
| Monday | Isnin | Monday is my favourite day | Isnin adalah hari kesukaan saya |
| Microsoft | Microsoft | Microsoft is a computer company | Microsoft ialah sebuah syarikat komputer |
Catitan :
Semua 'proper noun' adalah 'singular' (Bilangan : 0 atau 1).
Untuk mengetahui kepentingan 'singular', sila rujuk bab berkaitan 'singular'.
8. Mengenali 'Pronoun' (Gantinama)
Mengenali 'pronoun' (gantinama)
Kadang-kadang kita menggunakan gantinama dalam ayat. Gantinama ialah perkataan yang digunakan untuk mengganti 'Nama Khas' atau 'Nama Am'.
Dalam bahasa Inggeris, 'gantinama' dipanggil 'Pronoun'.
Berikut adalah beberapa 'pronouns' (gantinama-gantinama) yang biasa digunakan sehari-hari.
Contoh ayat yang menggunakan 'pronoun' (gantinama) :
Satu 'pronoun' boleh jadi 'singular' atau 'plural'.
Contoh 'pronoun' yang 'singular' (bilangan : 0 atau 1).
Contoh 'pronoun' yang 'plural' (bilangan : 2 atau lebih).
Catitan
Bagi 'I' (saya) dan 'you' (awak) walaupun bilangannya ialah satu ('singular') tapi dalam sesetengah hal ia dianggap 'plural'. Ini satu kekecualian. Ini dapat diketahui dengan lebih jelas bila belajar tentang 'tense'.
Kadang-kadang kita menggunakan gantinama dalam ayat. Gantinama ialah perkataan yang digunakan untuk mengganti 'Nama Khas' atau 'Nama Am'.
Dalam bahasa Inggeris, 'gantinama' dipanggil 'Pronoun'.
Berikut adalah beberapa 'pronouns' (gantinama-gantinama) yang biasa digunakan sehari-hari.
| English (Pronoun) | Melayu (gantinama) | Gantinama bagi ... |
| I | Saya | |
| Me | Saya | |
| You | Awak | |
| He | Dia (Lelaki) | |
| She | Dia (Perempuan) | |
| They | Mereka | |
| Them | Mereka | |
| That | Itu | |
| It | Itu. Ia | |
| This | Ini | |
| Us | Kami | |
| We | Kita | |
| These | Benda-benda ini | |
| These chairs | Kerusi-kerusi ini | |
| These pens | Pen-pen ini | |
| Those | benda-benda itu | |
| Those chairs | kerusi-kerusi itu | |
| Those pens | pen-pen itu | |
| The car | kereta itu tadi | |
| That car | kereta itu | |
| The girl | budak perempuan itu tadi | |
| That girl | budak perempuan itu | |
| The sun | matahari itu | |
| The moon | bulan itu | |
| The earth | bumi ini | |
| The only son | anak lelaki tunggal | |
| The event | kejadian itu | |
| the war | peperangan itu | |
| the meeting | mesyuarat itu |
Contoh ayat yang menggunakan 'pronoun' (gantinama) :
| English (Pronoun) | Melayu (gantinama) | English | Melayu |
| I | Saya | I am a student of this school | Saya seorang pelajar sekolah ini |
| She | Dia | She is my sister | Dia adalah adik perempuan saya |
| He | Dia | He is my friend | Dia adalah kawan saya |
| This | Ini | This cake is very delicious | Kek ini sangat sedap |
| They | Mereka | They are talking | Mereka sedang bercakap |
Satu 'pronoun' boleh jadi 'singular' atau 'plural'.
Contoh 'pronoun' yang 'singular' (bilangan : 0 atau 1).
| English Pronoun | Melayu |
| Me | Saya |
| He | Dia (Lelaki) |
| She | Dia (Perempuan) |
| That | Itu |
| It | Itu. Ia |
| This | Ini |
| The car | Kereta itu tadi |
| That car | Kereta itu |
| The girl | Budak perempuan itu tadi |
| That girl | Budak perempuan itu |
| The moon | Bulan |
| The only son | Anak lelaki tunggal |
| The event | Kejadian itu |
| The war | Peperangan itu |
| The meeting | Mesyuarat itu |
Contoh 'pronoun' yang 'plural' (bilangan : 2 atau lebih).
| English Pronoun | Melayu |
| I | saya |
| You | awak |
| They | mereka |
| Them | mereka |
| Us | kami |
| We | kita |
| These | benda-benda ini |
| These chairs | kerusi-kerusi ini |
| These pens | pen-pen ini |
| Those | benda-benda itu |
| Those chairs | kerusi-kerusi itu |
| Those pens | pen-pen itu |
| The cars | Kereta-kereta itu |
| The girls | Budak-budak perempuan itu |
Catitan
Bagi 'I' (saya) dan 'you' (awak) walaupun bilangannya ialah satu ('singular') tapi dalam sesetengah hal ia dianggap 'plural'. Ini satu kekecualian. Ini dapat diketahui dengan lebih jelas bila belajar tentang 'tense'.
| English | Melayu | Catitan |
| I am/was ... | Saya ialah ... | 'I' digunakan sebagai 'Singular' |
| I have been ... | Saya sudah ... | 'I' digunakan sebagai 'Plural' |
| You are/were ... | Awak adalah ... | 'you' digunakan sebagai 'Plural' |
| You have been ... | Awak sudah ... | 'you' digunakan sebagai 'Plural' |
Monday, December 31, 2012
19. Beza 'action verb' dan 'non-action verb'
Beza 'action verb' dan 'non-action verb'
Berikut ialah beberapa perbezaan dan persamaan antara 'action verb' dan 'non-action verb' dalam penggunaan bahasa Inggeris.
Catitan :
- 'Berubah ejaan' bermaksud berubah dari ejaan 'infinitive'.
Ringkasan :
Bentuk 'aktif' :
Bentuk 'negatif' :
Bentuk 'pasif' :
Bentuk 'Soalan Aktif' :
Bentuk 'Soalan Negatif' :
Bentuk 'Soalan Pasif' :
Berikut ialah beberapa perbezaan dan persamaan antara 'action verb' dan 'non-action verb' dalam penggunaan bahasa Inggeris.
| Persamaan/ Perbezaan | action verb | Contoh | non-action verb | Contoh |
| Persamaan | Boleh digunakan dalam memberi arahan/tegahan tanpa berubah ejaan (tanpa melibatkan objek dan masa) | Don't walk | Boleh digunakan dalam memberi arahan/tegahan tanpa berubah ejaan (tanpa melibatkan objek dan masa) | Don't think |
| Persamaan | Boleh digunakan dalam soalan/pertanyaan tanpa berubah ejaan bagi 'present/past/future tense' | Do you eat rice ? | Boleh digunakan dalam soalan/pertanyaan tanpa berubah ejaan bagi 'present/past/future tense' | Do you think the same ? |
| Persamaan | Boleh digunakan dalam 'present tense' bagi objek 'singular' tapi berubah ejaan | He eats rice | Boleh digunakan dalam 'present tense' bagi objek 'singular' tapi berubah ejaan | He considers other people |
| Persamaan | Boleh digunakan dalam 'present tense' bagi objek 'plural' tanpa berubah ejaan | They eat rice | Digunakan dalam 'present tense' bagi objek 'plural' tanpa berubah ejaan | They consider moving |
| Persamaan | Boleh digunakan oleh objek 'I, you, singular, plural' dalam 'future tense' tanpa berubah ejaan | I will walk | Boleh digunakan oleh objek 'I, you, singular, plural' dalam 'future tense' tanpa berubah ejaan | I will think |
| Persamaan | Boleh digunakan dalam soalan/pertanyaan tapi berubah ejaan bagi 'present perfect/past perfect/future perfect tense' | Have you eaten ? | Boleh digunakan dalam soalan/pertanyaan tapi berubah ejaan bagi 'present perfect/past perfect/future perfect tense' | Have you considered ? |
| Persamaan | Boleh digunakan dalam pernyataan negatif tanpa berubah ejaan bagi objek 'I, you, singular, plural' dan 'present/past/future tense' | I don't walk to school | Boleh digunakan dalam pernyataan negatif tanpa berubah ejaan bagi objek 'I, you, singular, plural' dan 'present/past/future tense' | I don't fear the enemy |
| Persamaan | Boleh digunakan dalam pernyataan negatif tapi berubah ejaan bagi objek 'I, you, singular, plural' dan 'present perfect/past perfect/future perfect tense' | I have not eaten | Boleh digunakan dalam pernyataan negatif tapi berubah ejaan bagi objek 'I, you, singular, plural' dan 'present perfect/past perfect/future perfect tense' | I have not considered |
| Perbezaan | Boleh digunakan dalam 'soalan/pertanyaan' tapi berubah ejaan bagi 'present continuous/past continuous/future continuous tense' | Are you sleeping ? | (Non-action verb tidak boleh digunakan dalam 'present continuous/past continuous/future continuous tense') | - |
| Perbezaan | Boleh digunakan dalam bentuk 'continuous' iaitu 'present continuous/past continuous/future continuous/present perfect continuous/past perfect continuous/future perfect continuous tense' tapi berubah ejaan | I am walking | (Non-action verb tidak boleh digunakan dalam bentuk 'continuous' iaitu 'present continuous/past continuous/future continuous/present perfect continuous/past perfect continuous/future perfect continuous tense') | - |
Catitan :
- 'Berubah ejaan' bermaksud berubah dari ejaan 'infinitive'.
Ringkasan :
Bentuk 'aktif' :
| Masa | Objek | Action verb - Berubah ? | Contoh | Non-Action verb - Berubah ? | Contoh |
| Present tense | I | Tidak | I anticipate | Tidak | I like |
| Present tense | Singular | Berubah | He anticipates | Ya | He likes |
| Present tense | You, Plural | Tidak | They anticipate | Tidak | We like |
| Present Continuous tense | I | Berubah | I am talking | (Tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Present Continuous tense | Singular | Berubah | He is talking | (Tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Present Continuous tense | You, Plural | Berubah | They are talking | (Tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Present Perfect tense | I | Ya | I have eaten | Ya | I have liked |
| Present perfect tense | Singular | Ya | She has eaten | Ya | She has liked |
| Present Perfect tense | You, Plural | Ya | You have talked | Ya | We have liked |
| Present Perfect Continuous tense | I | Ya | I have been eating | (Tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Present perfect Continuous tense | Singular | Ya | She has been eating | (Tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Present Perfect Continuous tense | You, Plural | Ya | You have talked | (Tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Past tense | I | Ya | I ate | Ya | I liked |
| Past tense | Singular | Ya | He ate | Ya | He liked |
| Past tense | You, Plural | Ya | We ate | Ya | We liked |
| Past Continuous tense | I | Ya | I was eating | (Tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Past Continuous tense | Singular | Ya | He was eating | (Tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Past Continuous tense | You, Plural | Ya | They were eating | (Tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Past Perfect tense | I | Ya | I had eaten | Ya | I had liked |
| Past Perfect tense | Singular | Ya | He had eaten | Ya | He had liked |
| Past Perfect tense | You, Plural | Ya | We had eaten | Ya | We had liked |
| Past Perfect Continuous tense | I | Ya | I had been eating | (Tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Past Perfect Continuous tense | Singular | Ya | He had been eating | (Tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Past Perfect Continuous tense | You, Plural | Ya | They had been eating | (Tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Future tense | I | Tidak | I will eat | Tidak | I will like |
| Future tense | Singular | Tidak | She will eat | Tidak | She will like |
| Future tense | You, Plural | Tidak | We will eat | Tidak | We will like |
| Future Continuous tense | I | Ya | I will be eating | (Tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Future Continuous tense | Singular | Ya | She will be eating | (Tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Future Continuous tense | You, Plural | Ya | We will be eating | (Tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Future Perfect tense | I | Ya | I will have eaten | Ya | I will have liked |
| Future Perfect tense | Singular | Ya | She will has eaten | Ya | She will has liked |
| Future Perfect tense | You, Plural | Ya | We will have eaten | Ya | We will have liked |
| Future Perfect Continuous tense | I | Ya | I will have been eating | (Tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Future Perfect Continuous tense | Singular | Ya | She will have been eating | (Tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Future Perfect Continuous tense | You, Plural | Ya | We will have been eating | (Tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
Bentuk 'negatif' :
| Masa | Objek | Action Verb - Berubah ? | Contoh | Non-Action verb - Berubah ? | Contoh |
| Present tense | I | Tidak | I do not anticipate | Tidak | I do not like |
| Present tense | Singular | Tidak | He does not anticipate | Tidak | He does not like |
| Present tense | You, Plural | Tidak | We do not anticipate | Tidak | We do not like |
| Present Continuous tense | I | Ya | I am not talking | (tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Present Continuous tense | Singular | Ya | He is not talking | (tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Present Continuous tense | You, Plural | Ya | They are not talking | (tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Present Perfect tense | I | Ya | I have not eaten | Ya | I have not liked |
| Present perfect tense | Singular | Ya | She has not eaten | Ya | She has not liked |
| Present Perfect tense | You, Plural | Ya | We have not talked | Ya | We have not liked |
| Present Perfect Continuous tense | I | Ya | I have not been talking | (tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Present Perfect Continuous tense | Singular | Ya | He has not been talking | (tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Present Perfect Continuous tense | You, Plural | Ya | They has not been talking | (tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Past tense | I | Tidak | I did not eat | Tidak | I did not like |
| Past tense | Singular | Tidak | He did not eat | Tidak | He did not like |
| Past tense | You, Plural | Tidak | We did not eat | Tidak | We did not like |
| Past Continuous tense | I | Ya | I was not eating | (tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Past Continuous tense | Singular | Ya | He was not eating | (tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Past Continuous tense | You, Plural | Ya | We were not eating | (tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Past Perfect tense | I | Ya | I had not eaten | Ya | I had not like |
| Past Perfect tense | Singular | Ya | He had not eaten | Ya | He had not liked |
| Past Perfect tense | You, Plural | Ya | We had not eaten | Ya | We had not liked |
| Past Perfect Continuous tense | I | Ya | I had not been eating | (tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Past Perfect Continuous tense | Singular | Ya | He had not been eating | (tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Past Perfect Continuous tense | You, Plural | Ya | We had not been eating | (tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Future tense | I | Tidak | I will not eat | Tidak | I will not like |
| Future tense | Singular | Tidak | She will not eat | Tidak | She will not like |
| Future tense | You, Plural | Tidak | We will not eat | Tidak | We will not like |
| Future Continuous tense | I | Ya | I will not be eating | (tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Future Continuous tense | Singular | Ya | She will not be eating | (tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Future Continuous tense | You, Plural | Ya | They will not be eating | (tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Future Perfect tense | I | Ya | I will not have eaten | Ya | I will not have liked |
| Future Perfect tense | Singular | Ya | She will not has eaten | Ya | She will not has liked |
| Future Perfect tense | You, Plural | Ya | We will not have eaten | Ya | We will not have liked |
| Future Perfect Continuous tense | I | Ya | I will not have been eating | (tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Future Perfect Continuous tense | Singular | Ya | She will not have been eating | (tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Future Perfect Continuous tense | You, Plural | Ya | They will not have been eating | (tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
Bentuk 'pasif' :
| Masa | Objek | Action Verb - Berubah ? | Contoh | Non-action Verb - Berubah ? | Contoh |
| Present tense | I | Berubah | I am anticipated by... | I am liked by... | |
| Present tense | Singular | Berubah | He is anticipated by ... | Ya | He is liked by ... |
| Present tense | You, Plural | Berubah | We are anticipated by ... | Ya | We are liked by ... |
| Present Continuous tense | I | Berubah | being talked | (tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Present Continuous tense | Singular | Berubah | The issue is being talked | (tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Present Continuous tense | You, Plural | Berubah | We are being talked | (tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Present Perfect tense | I | Berubah | I have been eaten | Ya | I have been liked by ... |
| Present perfect tense | Singular | Berubah | It has been eaten | Ya | It has been liked by ... |
| Present Perfect tense | You, Plural | Berubah | We have been eaten | Ya | We have been liked by ... |
| Present Perfect Continuous tense | I | Berubah | I have been being talked | (tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Present Perfect Continuous tense | Singular | Berubah | The issue has been being talked | (tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Present Perfect Continuous tense | You, Plural | Berubah | We have been being talked | (tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Past tense | I | Berubah | I was eaten by ... | Ya | I was liked by ... |
| Past tense | Singular | Berubah | He was eaten by ... | Ya | He was liked by ... |
| Past tense | You, Plural | Berubah | We were eaten by ... | Ya | We were liked by ... |
| Past Continuous tense | I | Berubah | I was being eaten by ... | (tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Past Continuous tense | Singular | Berubah | He was being eaten by ... | (tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Past Continuous tense | You, Plural | Berubah | We were being eaten by ... | (tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Past Perfect tense | I | Berubah | I had been eaten by ... | Ya | I had been liked by ... |
| Past Perfect tense | Singular | Berubah | He had been eaten by ... | Ya | He had been liked by ... |
| Past Perfect tense | You, Plural | Berubah | We had been eaten by ... | Ya | We had been liked by ... |
| Past Perfect Continuous tense | I | Berubah | I had been being eaten by ... | (tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Past Perfect Continuous tense | Singular | Berubah | He had been being eaten by ... | (tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Past Perfect Continuous tense | You, Plural | Berubah | We had been being eaten by ... | (tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Future tense | I | Berubah | I will be eaten by ... | Ya | I will be liked by ... |
| Future tense | Singular | Berubah | He will be eaten by ... | ||
| Future tense | You, Plural | Berubah | We will be eaten by ... | Ta | We will be liked by ... |
| Future Continuous tense | I | Berubah | I will be being eaten by ... | (tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Future Continuous tense | Singular | Berubah | He will be being eaten by ... | (tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Future Continuous tense | You, Plural | Berubah | We will be being eaten by ... | (tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Future Perfect tense | I | Berubah | I will have been eaten by ... | Ya | I will have been liked by ... |
| Future Perfect tense | Singular | Berubah | He will has been eaten by ... | Ya | He will has been liked by ... |
| Future Perfect tense | You, Plural | Berubah | We will have been eaten by ... | Ya | We will have been liked by ... |
| Future Perfect Continuous tense | I | Berubah | I will have been being eaten by ... | (tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Future Perfect Continuous tense | Singular | Berubah | He will have been being eaten by ... | (tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Future Perfect Continuous tense | You, Plural | Berubah | We will have been being eaten by ... | (tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
Bentuk 'Soalan Aktif' :
| Masa | Objek | Action Verb - Berubah ? | Contoh | Non-action verb - berubah ? | Contoh |
| Present tense | I | Tidak | Do I anticipat ? | Ya | Do I like ...? |
| Present tense | Singular | Tidak | Does he anticipate ? | Tidak | Does he like ...? |
| Present tense | You, Plural | Tidak | Do they anticipate ? | Tidak | Do they like ... ? |
| Present Continuous tense | I | Ya | Am I talking ? | (Tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Present Continuous tense | Singular | Ya | Is he talking ? | (Tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Present Continuous tense | You, Plural | Ya | Are they talking ? | (Tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Present Perfect tense | I | Ya | Have I eaten ? | Ya | Have I liked ... ? |
| Present perfect tense | Singular | Ya | Has she eaten ? | Ya | Has she liked ...? |
| Present Perfect tense | You, Plural | Ya | Have you eaten ? | Ya | Have you liked ...? |
| Present Perfect Continuous tense | I | Ya | Have I been talking ? | (Tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Present Perfect Continuous tense | Singular | Ya | Has he been talking ? | (Tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Present Perfect Continuous tense | You, Plural | Ya | Have they been talking ? | (Tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Past tense | I | Tidak | Did I eat ? | Tidak | Did I like cake ? |
| Past tense | Singular | Tidak | Did he eat ? | Tidak | Did he like cake ? |
| Past tense | You, Plural | Tidak | Did they eat ? | Tidak | Did we like cake ? |
| Past Continuous tense | I | Ya | Was I eating ? | (Tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Past Continuous tense | Singular | Ya | Was he eating ? | (Tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Past Continuous tense | You, Plural | Ya | Were they eating ? | (Tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Past Perfect tense | I | Ya | Had I eaten ? | Ya | Had I liked cake ? |
| Past Perfect tense | Singular | Ya | Had he eaten ? | Ya | Had he liked cake ? |
| Past Perfect tense | You, Plural | Ya | Had they eaten ? | Ya | Had they liked cake ? |
| Past Perfect Continuous tense | I | Ya | Had I been being eaten ? | (Tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Past Perfect Continuous tense | Singular | Ya | Had he been being eaten ? | (Tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Past Perfect Continuous tense | You, Plural | Ya | Had they been being eaten ? | (Tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Future tense | I | Tidak | Will I eat ? | Tidak | Will I like cake ? |
| Future tense | Singular | Tidak | Will she eat ? | Tidak | Will she like cake ? |
| Future tense | You, Plural | Tidak | Will they eat ? | Tidak | Will they like cake ? |
| Future Continuous tense | I | Berubah | Will I be eating ? | (Tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Future Continuous tense | Singular | Berubah | Will she be eating ? | (Tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Future Continuous tense | You, Plural | Berubah | Will they be eating ? | (Tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Future Perfect tense | I | Ya | Will I have eaten ? | Ya | Will I have liked cake ? |
| Future Perfect tense | Singular | Ya | Will she has eaten ? | Ya | Will she has liked cake ? |
| Future Perfect tense | You, Plural | Ya | Will they have eaten ? | Ya | Will they have liked cake ? |
| Future Perfect Continuous tense | I | Ya | Will I have been being eaten ? | (Tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Future Perfect Continuous tense | Singular | Ya | Will she has been being eaten ? | (Tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Future Perfect Continuous tense | You, Plural | Ya | Will they have been being eaten ? | (Tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
Bentuk 'Soalan Negatif' :
| Masa | Objek | Action Verb - Berubah ? | Contoh | Non-action Verb - Berubah ? | Contoh |
| Present tense | I | Tidak | Don't I anticipate ? | Tidak | Don't I like cake ? |
| Present tense | Singular | Tidak | Doesn't he anticipate ? | Tidak | Doesn't he like cake ? |
| Present tense | You, Plural | Tidak | Don't they anticipate ? | Tidak | Don't they like cake ? |
| Present Continuous tense | I | Ya | Am I not talking ? | (Tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Present Continuous tense | Singular | Ya | Is he not talking ? | (Tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Present Continuous tense | You, Plural | Ya | Are they not talking ? | (Tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Present Perfect tense | I | Ya | Have not I eaten ? | Ya | Have not I liked cake ? |
| Present perfect tense | Singular | Ya | Has not she eaten ? | Ya | Has not she liked cake ? |
| Present Perfect tense | You, Plural | Ya | Have not you eaten ? | Ya | Have not you liked cake ? |
| Present Perfect Continuous tense | I | Ya | Have I not been talking ? | (Tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Present Perfect Continuous tense | Singular | Ya | Has he not been talking ? | (Tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Present Perfect Continuous tense | You, Plural | Ya | Have they not been talking ? | (Tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Past tense | I | Tidak | Did not I eat ? | Tidak | Did not I like cake ? |
| Past tense | Singular | Tidak | Did not he eat ? | Tidak | Did not he like cake ? |
| Past tense | You, Plural | Tidak | Did not they eat ? | Tidak | Did not they like cake ? |
| Past Continuous tense | I | Ya | Was not I eating ? | (Tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Past Continuous tense | Singular | Ya | Was not he eating ? | (Tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Past Continuous tense | You, Plural | Ya | Were not they eating ? | (Tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Past Perfect tense | I | Ya | Had not I eaten ? | Ya | Had not I liked cake ? |
| Past Perfect tense | Singular | Ya | Had not he eaten ? | Ya | Had not he liked cake ? |
| Past Perfect tense | You, Plural | Ya | Had not they eaten ? | Ya | Had not they liked cake ? |
| Past Perfect Continuous tense | I | Ya | Had not I been eating ? | (Tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Past Perfect Continuous tense | Singular | Ya | Had not he been eating ? | (Tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Past Perfect Continuous tense | You, Plural | Ya | Had not they been eating ? | (Tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Future tense | I | Tidak | Will not I eat ? | Tidak | Will not I like cake ? |
| Future tense | Singular | Tidak | Will not she eat ? | Tidak | Will not she like cake ? |
| Future tense | You, Plural | Tidak | Will not they eat ? | Tidak | Will not they like cake ? |
| Future Continuous tense | I | Ya | Will not I be eating ? | (Tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Future Continuous tense | Singular | Ya | Will not she be eating ? | (Tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Future Continuous tense | You, Plural | Ya | Will not they be eating ? | (Tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Future Perfect tense | I | Ya | Will not I have eaten ? | Ya | Will not I have liked cake ? |
| Future Perfect tense | Singular | Ya | Will not she has eaten ? | Ya | Will not she has liked cake ? |
| Future Perfect tense | You, Plural | Ya | Will not they have eaten ? | Ya | Will not they have liked cake ? |
| Future Perfect Continuous tense | I | Ya | Will not I have been eating ? | (Tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Future Perfect Continuous tense | Singular | Ya | Will not she have been eating ? | (Tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Future Perfect Continuous tense | You, Plural | Ya | Will not they have been eating ? | (Tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
Bentuk 'Soalan Pasif' :
| Masa | Objek | Action Verb - Berubah ? | Contoh | Non-action verb - berubah ? | Contoh |
| Present tense | I | Ya | Do I anticipated ? | Ya | Do I liked by ...? |
| Present tense | Singular | Tidak | Does he anticipated by ...? | Tidak | Does he liked by ...? |
| Present tense | You, Plural | Ya | Do they anticipated by ? | Ya | Do they liked by ... ? |
| Present Continuous tense | I | Ya | Am I being talked ? | (Tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Present Continuous tense | Singular | Ya | Is he being talked ? | (Tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Present Continuous tense | You, Plural | Ya | Are they being talked ? | (Tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Present Perfect tense | I | Ya | Have I been eaten ? | Ya | Have I been liked ... ? |
| Present perfect tense | Singular | Ya | Has she been eaten ? | Ya | Has she been liked ...? |
| Present Perfect tense | You, Plural | Ya | Have you been eaten ? | Ya | Have you been liked ...? |
| Present Perfect Continuous tense | I | Ya | Have I been being talked ? | (Tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Present Perfect Continuous tense | Singular | Ya | Has he been being talked ? | (Tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Present Perfect Continuous tense | You, Plural | Ya | Have they been being talked ? | (Tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Past tense | I | Ya | Did I been eaten ? | Ya | Did I been liked ? |
| Past tense | Singular | Ya | Did he been eaten ? | Ya | Did he been liked ? |
| Past tense | You, Plural | Ya | Did they been eaten ? | Ya | Did we been liked ? |
| Past Continuous tense | I | Ya | Was I being eaten ? | (Tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Past Continuous tense | Singular | Ya | Was he being eaten ? | (Tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Past Continuous tense | You, Plural | Ya | Were they being eaten ? | (Tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Past Perfect tense | I | Ya | Had I been eaten ? | Ya | Had I been liked ? |
| Past Perfect tense | Singular | Ya | Had he been eaten ? | Ya | Had he been liked ? |
| Past Perfect tense | You, Plural | Ya | Had they been eaten ? | Ya | Had they been liked ? |
| Past Perfect Continuous tense | I | Ya | Had I been being eaten ? | (Tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Past Perfect Continuous tense | Singular | Ya | Gad he been being eaten ? | (Tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Past Perfect Continuous tense | You, Plural | Ya | Had they been being eaten ? | (Tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Future tense | I | Ya | Will I been eaten ? | Ya | Will I been liked ? |
| Future tense | Singular | Ya | Will she been eaten ? | Ya | Will she been liked ? |
| Future tense | You, Plural | Ya | Will they been eaten ? | Ya | Will they been liked ? |
| Future Continuous tense | I | Ya | Will I being eaten ? | (Tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Future Continuous tense | Singular | Ya | Will she being eaten ? | (Tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Future Continuous tense | You, Plural | Ya | Will they being eaten ? | (Tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Future Perfect tense | I | Ya | Will I have been eaten ? | Ya | Will I have been liked ? |
| Future Perfect tense | Singular | Ya | Will she has been eaten ? | Ya | Will she has been liked ? |
| Future Perfect tense | You, Plural | Ya | Will they have been eaten ? | Ya | Will they have been liked ? |
| Future Perfect Continuous tense | I | Ya | Will I have been being eaten ? | (Tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Future Perfect Continuous tense | Singular | Ya | Will she have been being eaten ? | (Tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
| Future Perfect Continuous tense | You, Plural | Ya | Will they have been being eaten ? | (Tidak boleh digunakan) | - |
105. Kaitan antara 'Infinitive, Form, Tense, Singular, Plural, Verb'
Kaitan antara 'Infinitive, Form, Tense, Singular, Plural, Verb'
Sesetengah ejaan bagi semua perbuatan fizikal ('action verb') dan sesetengah perbuatan bukan fizikal ('non-action verb') itu berbeza daripada 'infinitive' (kata dasar)-nya bergantung kepada kombinasi perkara-perkara berikut :
1. Bentuk ('form').
2. Tense-nya (masa atau tempoh masa perbuatan itu berlaku).
3. Objek yang melakukan perbuatan itu samada 'I, You, singular' atau 'plural'.
Ringkasnya, ejaan sesuatu 'action verb' dan sesetengah 'non-action verb' itu bergantung kepada 3 perkara :
1. Bentuk perbuatan itu samada : Aktif, Negatif, Pasif, Negatif Pasif, Soalan aktif, Soalan negatif, Soalan pasif, Soalan negatif pasif.
2. Objek yang melakukan perbuatan itu, samada 'I, you, singular' atau 'plural'.
3. Masa/Tempoh Masa (tense) bilakah perbuatan itu berlaku samada 'Present tense', 'Present Perfect tense', 'Present Continuous tense', 'Present Perfect continuous', 'Past tense', 'Past Perfect tense', 'Past Continuous tense', 'Past Perfect Continuous tense', 'Future tense', 'Future Perfect tense', 'Future Continuous tense', 'Future Perfect Continuous tense'.
Contoh :
Berikut ialah sebahagian senarai 'infinitive' (perkataan dasar) bagi 'verb' (perbuatan) dan ejaan yang berbeza dalam 'tense' tertentu :
Contoh :
Catitan :
1. Terdapat beribu-ribu 'infinitive' (perkataan dasar) bagi 'action verb' (perbuatan fizikal). Oleh itu, rajin-rajinlah membaca sumber bacaan dalam bahasa Inggeris.
2. Contoh diatas melibatkan beberapa 'action verb'. Semua 'action verb' terbabit dengan semua 'tense'. Ada beberapa 'non-action verb' yang terbabit dengan semua 'tense' (Beberapa 'non-action verb' dilayan seperti 'action verb' berhubung dengan 'tense'). Ada beberapa 'non-action verb' yang terbabit dengan beberapa 'tense'(Beberapa 'non-action verb' dilayan seperti 'non-verb' berhubung dengan 'tense'). Ada beberapa 'non-verb' yang terbabit dengan beberapa 'tense'.
Sesetengah ejaan bagi semua perbuatan fizikal ('action verb') dan sesetengah perbuatan bukan fizikal ('non-action verb') itu berbeza daripada 'infinitive' (kata dasar)-nya bergantung kepada kombinasi perkara-perkara berikut :
1. Bentuk ('form').
2. Tense-nya (masa atau tempoh masa perbuatan itu berlaku).
3. Objek yang melakukan perbuatan itu samada 'I, You, singular' atau 'plural'.
Ringkasnya, ejaan sesuatu 'action verb' dan sesetengah 'non-action verb' itu bergantung kepada 3 perkara :
1. Bentuk perbuatan itu samada : Aktif, Negatif, Pasif, Negatif Pasif, Soalan aktif, Soalan negatif, Soalan pasif, Soalan negatif pasif.
2. Objek yang melakukan perbuatan itu, samada 'I, you, singular' atau 'plural'.
3. Masa/Tempoh Masa (tense) bilakah perbuatan itu berlaku samada 'Present tense', 'Present Perfect tense', 'Present Continuous tense', 'Present Perfect continuous', 'Past tense', 'Past Perfect tense', 'Past Continuous tense', 'Past Perfect Continuous tense', 'Future tense', 'Future Perfect tense', 'Future Continuous tense', 'Future Perfect Continuous tense'.
Contoh :
| English | Melayu | Catitan |
| I walk to school now | - | Salah, sebab 'infinitive' (perkataan asas) 'walk' tidak sesuai dengan 'tense' (masa) ia berlaku |
| I am walking to school now | Saya sedang berjalan ke sekolah sekarang | Betul, sebab perkataan dasar 'walk' telah ditukar kepada 'walking' dan ini sesuai dengan 'masa' ia berlaku (iaitu sedang berlaku sekarang) |
| She walk to school every day | - | Salah, sebab 'walk' adalah bentuk 'Present tense' bagi objek 'plural' sedangkan 'she' adalah bukan objek 'plural' tapi 'singular' |
| She walks to school every day | Dia berjalan ke sekolah setiap hari | Betul, sebab 'walks' (ada tambahan 's' pada ejaan) adalah bentuk 'Present tense' bagi objek 'singular' dimana 'she' adalah objek 'singular' |
Berikut ialah sebahagian senarai 'infinitive' (perkataan dasar) bagi 'verb' (perbuatan) dan ejaan yang berbeza dalam 'tense' tertentu :
| Melayu - Perkataan dasar | English - Infinitive | Present tense - plural | Present tense - singular | Present Continuous tense | Present Perfect tense | Past tense | Past Continuous tense | Past Perfect tense | Future tense | Future Continuous tense | Future Perfect tense | Future Perfect Continuous tense |
| Jalan | Walk | Walk | Walks | Am/is/are walking | Has/have walked | Walked | Was/were walking | Had walked | Will walk | Will be walking | Will have walked | Will have been walking |
| Makan | Eat | Eat | Eats | Am/is/are eating | Has/have eaten | Ate | Was/were eating | Had eaten | Will eat | Will be eating | Will have eaten | Will have been eating |
| Lari | Run | Run | Runs | Am/is/are running | Has/have run | Ran | Was/were running | Had ran | Will run | Will be running | Will have run | Will have been running |
| Tidur | Sleep | Sleep | Sleeps | Am/is/are sleeping | Has/have slept | Sleept | Was/were sleeping | Had sleept | Will sleep | Will be sleeping | Will have slept | Will have been sleeping |
| Kerja | Work | Work | Works | Am/is/are working | Has/have worked | Worked | Was/were working | Had worked | Will work | Will be working | Will have worked | Will have been working |
| Ajar | Teach | Teach | Teaches | Am/is/are teaching | Has/have taught | Taught | Was/were teaching | Had taught | Will teach | Will be teaching | Will have taught | Will have been teaching |
| Pandu | Drive | Drive | Drives | Am/is/are driving | Has/have driven | Drove | Was/were driving | Had driven | Will drive | Will be driving | Will have driven | Will have been driving |
| Baca | Read | Read | Reads | Am/is/are reading | Has/have read | Read | Was/were reading | Had read | Will read | Will be reading | Will have read | Will have been reading |
| Dengar | Listen | Listen | Listens | Am/is/are listening | Has/have listened | Listened | Was/were listening | Had listened | Will listen | Will be listening | Will have listened | Will have been listening |
| Minum | Drink | Drink | Drinks | Am/is/are drinking | Has/have drunk | Drank | Was/were drinking | Had drunk | Will drink | Will be drinking | Will have drank | Will have been drinking |
Contoh :
| Perkataan dasar (Infinitive)/ 'Tense' | Objek | Contoh | Contoh struktur |
| Melayu - Perkataan dasar | Jalan | ||
| English - Infinitive | Walk | ||
| Present tense | I, you, plural | Walk | (Objek) + walk |
| Present tense | Singular | Walks | (Objek) + walks |
| Present Continuous tense | I | Am walking | (Objek) + am walking |
| Present Continuous tense | Singular | Is walking | (Objek) + is walking |
| Present Continuous tense | You, plural | Are walking | (Objek) + are walking |
| Present Perfect tense | Singular | Has walked | (Objek) + has walked |
| Present Perfect tense | I, you, plural | Have walked | (Objek) + have walked |
| Present Perfect Continuous tense | Singular | Has been walking | (Objek) + has been walking |
| Present Perfect Continuous tense | I, you, plural | Have been walking | (Objek) + have been walking |
| Past tense | Semua | Walked | (Objek) + walked |
| Past Continuous tense | I, singular | Was walking | (Objek) + was walking |
| Past Continuous tense | You, plural | Were walking | (Objek) + were walking |
| Past Perfect tense | Semua | Had walked | (Objek) + had walked |
| Past Perfect Continuous tense | Semua | Had been walking | (Objek) + had been walking |
| Future tense - for the present | Semua | Will walk | (Objek) + will walk |
| Future tense - for the past | Semua | Would walk | (Objek) + would walk |
| Future Continuous tense - for the present | Semua | Will be walking | (Objek) + will be walking |
| Future Continuous tense - for the past | Semua | Would be walking | (Objek) + would be walking |
| Future Perfect tense - for the present | Semua | Will have walked | (Objek) + will have walked |
| Future Perfect tense - for the past | Semua | Would have walked | (Objek) + would have walked |
| Future Perfect Continuous tense - for the present | Semua | Will have been walking | (Objek) + will have been walking |
| Future Perfect Continuous tense - for the past | Semua | Would have been walking | (Objek) + would have been walking |
| . | |||
| Melayu - Perkataan dasar | Makan | ||
| English - Infinitive | Eat | ||
| Present tense | I, you, plural | Eat | (Objek) + eat |
| Present tense | singular | Eats | (Objek) + eats |
| Present Continuous tense | I | Am eating | (Objek) + am eating |
| Present Continuous tense | Singular | Is eating | (Objek) + is eating |
| Present Continuous tense | You, plural | Are eating | (Objek) + are eating |
| Present Perfect tense | Singular | Has eaten | (Objek) + has eaten |
| Present Perfect tense | I, you, plural | Have eaten | (Objek) + have eaten |
| Present Perfect Continuous tense | Singular | Has been eating | (Objek) + has been eating |
| Present Perfect Continuous tense | I, you, plural | Have been eating | (Objek) + have been eating |
| Past tense | Semua | Ate | (Objek) + ate |
| Past Continuous tense | I, singular | Was eating | (Objek) + was eating |
| Past Continuous tense | You, plural | Were eating | (Objek) + were eating |
| Past Perfect tense | Semua | Had eaten | (Objek) + had eaten |
| Past Perfect Continuous tense | Semua | Had been eating | (Objek) + had been eating |
| Future tense - for the present | Semua | Will eat | (Objek) + will eat |
| Future tense - for the past | Semua | Would eat | (Objek) + would eat |
| Future Continuous tense - for the present | Semua | Will be eating | (Objek) + will be eating |
| Future Continuous tense - for the past | Semua | Would be eating | (Objek) + would be eating |
| Future Perfect tense - for the present | Semua | Will have eaten | (Objek) + will have eaten |
| Future Perfect tense - for the past | Semua | Would have eaten | (Objek) + would have eaten |
| Future Perfect Continuous tense - for the present | Semua | Will have been eating | (Objek) + will have been eating |
| Future Perfect Continuous tense - for the past | Semua | Would have been eating | (Objek) + would have been eating |
| . | |||
| Melayu - Perkataan dasar | lari | ||
| English - Infinitive | run | ||
| Present tense | I, you, plural | Run | (Objek) + run |
| Present tense | Singular | Runs | (Objek) + runs |
| Present Continuous tense | I | Am running | (Objek) + am running |
| Present Continuous tense | Singular | Is running | (Objek) + is running |
| Present Continuous tense | You, plural | Are running | (Objek) + are running |
| Present Perfect tense | Singular | Has run | (Objek) + has run |
| Present Perfect tense | I, you, plural | Have run | (Objek) + have run |
| Present Perfect Continuous tense | Singular | Has been running | (Objek) + has been running |
| Present Perfect Continuous tense | I, you, plural | Have been running | (Objek) + have been running |
| Past tense | Semua | Ran | (Objek) + ran |
| Past Continuous tense | I, singular | Was running | (Objek) + was running |
| Past Continuous tense | You, plural | Were running | (Objek) + were running |
| Past Perfect tense | Semua | Had run | (Objek) + had run |
| Past Perfect Continuous tense | Semua | Had been running | (Objek) + had been running |
| Future tense - for the present | Semua | Will run | (Objek) + will run |
| Future tense - for the past | Semua | Would run | (Objek) + would run |
| Future Continuous tense - for the present | Semua | Will be running | (Objek) + will be running |
| Future Continuous tense - for the past | Semua | Would be running | (Objek) + would be running |
| Future Perfect tense - for the present | Semua | Will have run | (Objek) + will have run |
| Future Perfect tense - for the past | Semua | Would have run | (Objek) + would have run |
| Future Perfect Continuous tense - for the present | Semua | Will have been running | (Objek) + will have been running |
| Future Perfect Continuous tense - for the past | Semua | Would have been running | (objek) + would have been running |
| . | |||
| Melayu - Perkataan dasar | Tidur | ||
| English - Infinitive | Sleep | ||
| Present tense | I, you, plural | Sleep | (Objek) + sleep |
| Present tense | Singular | Sleeps | (Objek) + sleeps |
| Present Continuous tense | I | Am sleeping | (Objek) + am + sleeping |
| Present Continuous tense | Singular | Is sleeping | (Objek) + is + sleeping |
| Present Continuous tense | You, plural | Are sleeping | (Objek) + are + sleeping |
| Present Perfect tense | Singular | Has slept | (Objek) + has slept |
| Present Perfect tense | I, you, plural | Have slept | (Objek) + have slept |
| Present Perfect Continuous tense | Singular | Has been sleeping | (Objek) + has been + sleeping |
| Present Perfect Continuous tense | I, you, plural | Have been sleeping | (Objek) + have been + sleeping |
| Past tense | Semua | Slept | (Objek) + slept |
| Past Continuous tense | I, singular | Was sleeping | (Objek) + was + sleeping |
| Past Continuous tense | You, plural | Were sleeping | (Objek) + were + sleeping |
| Past Perfect tense | Semua | Had sleept | (Objek) + had slept |
| Past Perfect Continuous tense | Semua | Had been sleeping | (Objek) + had been + sleeping |
| Future tense - for the present | Semua | Will sleep | (Objek) + will + sleep |
| Future tense - for the past | Semua | Would sleep | (Objek) + would + sleep |
| Future Continuous tense - for the present | Semua | Will be sleeping | (Objek) + will be + sleeping |
| Future Continuous tense - for the past | Semua | Would be sleeping | (Objek) + would be + sleeping |
| Future Perfect tense - for the present | Semua | Will have slept | (Objek) + will + have slept |
| Future Perfect tense - for the past | Semua | Would have slept | (Objek) + would + have slept |
| Future Perfect Continuous tense - for the present | Semua | Will have been sleeping | (Objek) + will have been sleeping |
| Future Perfect Continuous tense - for the past | Semua | Would have been sleeping | (Objek) + would have been sleeping |
| . | |||
| Melayu - Perkataan dasar | kerja | ||
| English - Infinitive | work | ||
| Present tense | I, you, plural | Work | (Objek) + work |
| Present tense | Singular | Works | (Objek) + works |
| Present Continuous tense | I | Am working | (Objek) + am + working |
| Present Continuous tense | Singular | Is working | (Objek) + is + working |
| Present Continuous tense | You, plural | Are working | (Objek) + are + working |
| Present Perfect tense | Singular | Has worked | (Objek) + has + worked |
| Present Perfect tense | I, you, plural | Have worked | (Objek) + have + worked |
| Present Perfect Continuous tense | Singular | Has been working | (Objek) + has been + working |
| Present Perfect Continuous tense | I, you, plural | Have been working | (Objek) + have been + working |
| Past tense | Semua | Worked | (Objek) + worked |
| Past Continuous tense | I, singular | Was working | (Objek) + was + working |
| Past Continuous tense | You, plural | Were working | (Objek) + were + working |
| Past Perfect tense | Semua | Had worked | (Objek) + had + worked |
| Future tense - for the present | Semua | Will work | (Objek) + will + work |
| Future tense - for the past | Semua | Would work | (Objek) + would + work |
| Future Continuous tense - for the present | Semua | Will be working | (Objek) + will be + working |
| Future Continuous tense - for the past | Semua | Would be working | (Objek) + would be + working |
| Future Perfect tense - for the present | Semua | Will have worked | (Objek) + will + have worked |
| Future Perfect tense - for the past | Semua | Would have worked | (Objek) + would + have worked |
| Future Perfect Continuous tense - for the present | Semua | Will have been working | (Objek) + will + have been + working |
| Future Perfect Continuous tense - for the past | Semua | Would have been working | (Objek) + would + have been + working |
| . | |||
| Melayu - Perkataan dasar | Ajar | ||
| English - Infinitive | Teach | ||
| Present tense | I, you, plural | Teach | (Objek) + teach |
| Present tense | Singular | Teaches | (Objek) + teaches |
| Present Continuous tense | I | Am teaching | (Objek) + am teaching |
| Present Continuous tense | Singular | Is teaching | (Objek) + is teaching |
| Present Continuous tense | Plural | Are teaching | (Objek) + are teaching |
| Present Perfect tense | Singular | Has taught | (Objek) + has taught |
| Present Perfect tense | I, you, plural | Have taught | (Objek) + have taught |
| Present Perfect Continuous tense | Singular | Has been teaching | (Objek) + has been teaching |
| Present Perfect Continuous tense | I, you, plural | Have been teaching | (Objek) + have been teaching |
| Past tense | Semua | Taught | (Objek) + taught |
| Past Continuous tense | I, singular | Was teaching | (Objek) + was teaching |
| Past Continuous tense | You, plural | Were teaching | (Objek) + were teaching |
| Past Perfect tense | Semua | Had taught | (Objek) + had taught |
| Past Perfect Continuous tense | Semua | Had been teaching | (Objek) + had been teaching |
| Future tense - for the present | Semua | Will teach | (Objek) + will + teach |
| Future tense - for the past | Semua | Would teach | (Objek) + would + teach |
| Future Continuous tense - for the present | Semua | Will be teaching | (Objek) + will be + teaching |
| Future Continuous tense - for the past | Semua | Would be teaching | (Objek) + would be + teaching |
| Future Perfect tense - for the present | Semua | Will have taught | (Objek) + will + have taught |
| Future Perfect tense - for the past | Semua | Would have taught | (Objek) + would have taught |
| Future Perfect Continuous tense - for the present | Semua | Will have been teaching | (Objek) + will + have been teaching |
| Future Perfect Continuous tense - for the past | Semua | Would have been teaching | (Objek) + would + have been teaching |
| . | |||
| Melayu - Perkataan dasar | Pandu | ||
| English - Infinitive | Drive | ||
| Present tense | I, you, plural | Drive | (Objek) + drive |
| Present tense | Singular | Drives | (Objek) + drives |
| Present Continuous tense | I | Am driving | (Objek) + am driving |
| Present Continuous tense | Singular | Is driving | (Objek) + is driving |
| Present Continuous tense | You, plural | Are driving | (Objek) + are driving |
| Present Perfect tense | Singular | Has driven | (Objek) + has driven |
| Present Perfect tense | I, you, plural | Have driven | (Objek) + have driven |
| Present Perfect Continuous tense | Singular | Has been driving | (Objek) + has been driving |
| Present Perfect Continuous tense | I, you, plural | Have been driving | (Objek) + have been driving |
| Past tense | Semua | Drove | (Objek) + drove |
| Past Continuous tense | I, singular | Was driving | (Objek) + was driving |
| Past Continuous tense | You, plural | Were driving | (Objek) + were driving |
| Past Perfect tense | Semua | Had driven | (Objek) + had driven |
| Past Perfect Continuous tense | Semua | Had been driving | (Objek) + had been driving |
| Future tense - for the present | Semua | Will drive | (Objek) + will drive |
| Future tense - for the past | Semua | Would drive | (Objek) + would drive |
| Future Continuous tense - for the present | Semua | Will be driving | (Objek) + will be driving |
| Future Continuous tense - for the past | Semua | Would be driving | (Objek) + would be driving |
| Future Perfect tense - for the present | Semua | Will have driven | (Objek) + will have driven |
| Future Perfect tense - for the past | Semua | Would have driven | (Objek) + would have driven |
| Future Perfect Continuous tense - for the present | Semua | Will have been driving | (Objek) + will have been driving |
| Future Perfect Continuous tense - for the past | Semua | Would have been driving | (Objek) + would have been driving |
| . | |||
| Melayu - Perkataan dasar | aca | ||
| English - Infinitive | Read | ||
| Present tense | I, you, plural | Read | (Objek) + read |
| Present tense | Singular | Reads | (Objek) + reads |
| Present Continuous tense | I | Am reading | (Objek) + am + reading |
| Present Continuous tense | Singular | Is reading | (Objek) + is + reading |
| Present Continuous tense | You, plural | Are reading | (Objek) + are + reading |
| Present Perfect tense | Singular | Has read | (Objek) + has + read |
| Present Perfect tense | I, you, plural | Have read | (Objek) + have + read |
| Present Perfect Continuous tense | Singular | Has been reading | (Objek) + has been + reading |
| Present Perfect Continuous tense | I, you, plural | Have been reading | (Objek) + have been + reading |
| Past tense | Semua | Read | (Objek) + read |
| Past Continuous tense | I, singular | Was reading | (Objek) + was + reading |
| Past Continuous tense | You, plural | Were reading | (Objek) + were + reading |
| Past Perfect tense | Semua | Had read | (Objek) + had + read |
| Future tense - for the present | Semua | Will read | (Pbjek) + will + read |
| Future tense - for the past | Semua | Would read | (Objek) + would + read |
| Future Continuous tense - for the present | Semua | Will be reading | (Objek) + will be + reading |
| Future Continuous tense - for the past | Semua | Would be reading | (Objek) + would be + reading |
| Future Perfect tense - for the present | Semua | Will have read | (Objek) + will have + read |
| Future perfect tense - for the past | Semua | Would have read | (Objek) + would have + read |
| Future Perfect Continuous tense - for the present | Semua | Will have been reading | (Objek) + will have been + reading |
| Future Perfect Continuous tense - for the past | Semua | Would have been reading | (Objek) + would have been + reading |
| . | |||
| Melayu - Perkataan dasar | dengar | ||
| English - Infinitive | Listen | ||
| Present tense | I, you, plural | Listen | (Objek) + listen |
| Present tense | Singular | Listens | (Objek) + listens |
| Present Continuous tense | I | Am listening | (Objek) + am + listening |
| Present Continuous tense | Singular | Is listening | (Objek) + is + listening |
| Present Continuous tense | You, plural | Are listening | (Objek) + are + listening |
| Present Perfect tense | Singular | Has listened | (Objek) + has + listened |
| Present Perfect tense | I, you, plural | Have listened | (Objek) + have + listened |
| Present Perfect Continuous tense | Singular | Has been listening | (Objek) + has been + listening |
| Present Perfect Continuous tense | I, you, plural | Have been listening | (Objek) + have been + listening |
| Past tense | Semua | Listened | (Objek) + listened |
| Past Continuous tense | I, singular | Was listening | (Objek) + was + listening |
| Past Continuous tense | You, plural | Were listening | (Objek) + were + listening |
| Past Perfect tense | Semua | Had listened | (Objek) + had + listened |
| Past Perfect Continuous tense | Semua | Had been listening | (Objek) + had been + listening |
| Future tense - for the present | Semua | Will listen | (Objek) + will + listen |
| Future tense - for the past | Semua | Would listen | (Objek) + would + listen |
| Future Continuous tense - for the present | Semua | Will be listening | (Objek) + will be + listening |
| Future Continuous tense - for the past | Semua | Would be listening | (Objek) + would be + listening |
| Future Perfect tense - for the present | Semua | Will have listened | (Objek) + will + have listened |
| Future Perfect tense - for the past | Semua | Would have listened | (Objek) + would + have listened |
| Future Perfect Continuous tense - for the present | Semua | Will have been listening | (Objek) + will + have been + listening |
| Future Perfect Continuous tense - for the past | Semua | Would have been listening | (Objek) + would + have been listening |
| . | |||
| Melayu - Perkataan dasar | Minum | ||
| English - Infinitive | Drink | ||
| Present tense | I, you, plural | Drink | (Objek) + drink |
| Present tense | Singular | Drinks | (Objek) + drinks |
| Present Continuous tense | I | Am drinking | (Objek) + am + drinking |
| Present Continuous tense | Singular | Is drinking | (Objek) + is + drinking |
| Present Continuous tense | You, plural | Are drinking | (Objek) + are + drinking |
| Present Perfect tense | Singular | Has drunk | (Objek) + has + drunk |
| Present Perfect tense | I, you, plural | Have drunk | (Objek) + have + drunk |
| Present Perfect Continuous tense | Singular | Has been drinking | (Objek) + has been drinking |
| Present Perfect Continuous tense | I, you, plural | Have been drinking | (Objek) + have been drinking |
| Past tense | Semua | Drank | (Objek) + drank |
| Past Continuous tense | I, singular | Was drinking | (Objek) + was drinking |
| Past Continuous tense | You, plural | Were drinking | (Objek) + were drinking |
| Past Perfect tense | Semua | Had drunk | (Objek) + had drunk |
| Past Perfect Continuous tense | Semua | Had been drinking | (Objek) + had been drinking |
| Future tense - for the present | Semua | Will drink | (Objek) + will drink |
| Future tense - for the past | Semua | Would drink | (Objek) + would drink |
| Future Continuous tense - for the present | Semua | Will be drinking | (Objek) + will be drinking |
| Future Continuous tense - for the past | Semua | Would be drinking | (Objek) + would be drinking |
| Future Perfect tense - for the present | Semua | Will have drank | (Objek) + will have drank |
| Future Perfect tense - for the past | Semua | Would have drank | (Objek) + would have drank |
| Future Perfect Continuous tense - for the present | Semua | Will have been drinking | (Objek) + will have been drinking |
| Future Perfect Continuous tense - for the past | Semua | Would have been drinking | (objek) + would have been drinking |
| . |
Catitan :
1. Terdapat beribu-ribu 'infinitive' (perkataan dasar) bagi 'action verb' (perbuatan fizikal). Oleh itu, rajin-rajinlah membaca sumber bacaan dalam bahasa Inggeris.
2. Contoh diatas melibatkan beberapa 'action verb'. Semua 'action verb' terbabit dengan semua 'tense'. Ada beberapa 'non-action verb' yang terbabit dengan semua 'tense' (Beberapa 'non-action verb' dilayan seperti 'action verb' berhubung dengan 'tense'). Ada beberapa 'non-action verb' yang terbabit dengan beberapa 'tense'(Beberapa 'non-action verb' dilayan seperti 'non-verb' berhubung dengan 'tense'). Ada beberapa 'non-verb' yang terbabit dengan beberapa 'tense'.
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